Two ways of defining sustainable mobility: Autolib’ and BeMobility

Abstract

European cities have emerged as laboratories for ‘sustainable mobility'. In the last few years, they have supported numerous electric car projects which combine clean engine technologies with offers on public or shared mobility. This paper compares two ongoing public electric car services in Berlin (BeMobility) and Paris (Autolib’). We explain how both projects shape future visions of sustainable mobility and transform regional transport systems in specific ways through their performative impact as local transport policy tools. Focusing on the socio-economic and political processes through which both projects were conceived and put into practice, we explain their differences as they reflect participating actors' interests in a French versus German industrial and transport policy context after the economic crisis in 2008. We find that whereas BeMobility integrates electric cars as one element in Berlin's intermodal transport system, and thus is centred around ‘intermodality' as the central vision of sustainable transport, Autolib’ in Paris essentially reproduces the dominant mode of private passenger car transport through adding a shared electric car fleet.     

载人汽车室内空气VOCs污染的指标评价

载人汽车是最常用的交通工具,车内空气VOCs危害健康,为分析车内苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯与TVOC的污染程度,依据国内外室内与车内空气品质标准,采用指标评价法进行了客观分析.结果表明,就我国GB/T 18883-2002《室内空气质量标准》、GB/T 17729-2009《长途客车内空气质量》、GB/T 27630-2011《乘用车内空气质量评价指南》、韩国、挪威、日本与德国的标准而言,载人汽车室内空气中最主要的VOCs污染物分别是TVOC、TVOC、苯、苯、TVOC、甲苯与TVOC及其车内空气污染的平均级别依次为中污染、中污染、清洁、轻污染、中污染、清洁与重污染;指标评价法能够有效分析车内空气品质,不同标准的选取对评价结果差异显著;德国标准最严格,而我国GB/T 18883-2002标准相对比较严格,GB/T 27630-2011标准最宽松.     

机动车排放车载实验及模型模拟研究

研究机动车的排放特征及获得排放因子,是建立机动车排放清单和制定相应控制策略的基础,而路上的机动车排放车载测试被认为是实验室台架测试的一个重要补充.本研究利用AVL DiGas 4000 light五气分析仪,在澳门典型路段上对7辆汽油轿车样本开展了尾气排放车载实验.研究发现安装电喷加三元催化转化系统的车辆(以下称电喷车)在气态污染物排放上比旧的化油器车有显著降低,化油器车HC、CO和NO排放的体积浓度平均值分别为227×10^-6、1.57%和1477×10^-6,而电喷车则分别为33×10^-6、0.21%和131×10^-6,约是前者的1/11～1/7.但电喷车在冷启动阶段会出现高排放;对电喷车的CO和NO排放浓度做算术平均,其绝对值主要由出现频率少的高浓度值所贡献.研究进一步估算了汽油轿车的排放因子,同时利用MOBILE5模型计算了澳门2000年汽油轿车的平均排放因子,模型计算值和实验数据估算结果的比值在59%～139%之间,如果仅比较年平均排放因子,这个比值则在68%～132%之间.结果表明,车辆采用电喷加催化转化系统,对控制污染物排放的作用显著,但催化设备存在冷启动时起燃缓慢的问题;对电喷车的技术改进,减少其在行驶过程中出现高浓度的污染物排放,将能进一步大大降低平均排放水平;应用修正的MOBILE5模型计算澳门地区汽油轿车的排放因子,结果是比较可信的.     

双排气管车辆排气取样检测研究

双排气管汽油车进行尾气检测时，环保监管部门的监管要求与环保尾气检测机构的实际操作常存在分歧。对于双排气管汽油车究竟插入几个取样探头测试，才能准确、科学地检测出尾气中的含量浓度，从而对尾气检测结果做出公正准确的判断，从检测标准要求、比对实验方法验证、排气管构造图解析3个方面对该问题进行了讨论。